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This is what I found on Wikipedia.
A track geometry car is a railed vehicle used for non-destructive diagnosis of railroad tracks. The parameters it measures are different from country to country. Some of the parameters that are generally measured include position, curvature, alignment of the track as the track geometry car passes by and smoothness and the cross-level of the two rails. This car uses various sensors and auxiliary wheels for this purpose.
Hope this helps.
Mac's got it about right. If you look at the rear truck, you'll see that it's modofied with a bunch of sensros. They measre superelevation angles on curves, track gauge, and particularly any dips or unlevel spots in a rail or cross-rail unevenness. The car is equipped with a GPS-enabled mapping system and every fault is recorded directly on the route map at the exact milepost position. They'll then use the results to send out MOW crews to correct the faults.
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